Skills Required in Phlebotomy

Skills Required in Phlebotomy Objectives To acquire the knowledge and skills to perform phlebotomy and finger prick. To learn the order of draw and its significance. To learn various devices and preparation techniques before phlebotomy. Introduction Phlebotomy is referred to the cutting of a vein. It is a procedure often involving invasion that invades the body through cutting or puncture normally carried out by professionals called phlebotomists. Among the major roles involving a phlebotomist is to obtain blood specimens for diagnostic testing. This can be done either by dermal puncture which is done by puncturing the skin or venepuncture which is done by puncturing the veins. Other than that, a phlebotomist is also responsible in redrawing blood from donors during blood transfusion of from any patients having polycythemia which is known for overproduction of blood cells. Phlebotomist are also responsible for collecting and properly packaging urine specimens, accepting incoming specimens (blood and body fluids, etc.), and routing specimens to the proper departments to be tested and analysed. In order for a phlebotomist to withdraw blood from a patient, he should make sure that the tubes are labelled and all the materials are pr epared before carrying out the procedure. The best sites for venipunture are normally the superficial veins of the upper limbs. The superficial vein most commonly used for venipuncture is the median Cubital Vein which lies over the cubital fossa and serves as an anastomosis between the basilica veins and the cephalic veins. The next most common vein is the cephalic vein where it can be followed proximally where it empties into the axillary vein. The basilic vein is also a location for venipunture as it divides to join the brachial vein. The usual sites for capillary puncture or finer prick in adults and children are the fingertip. In adults, the ring finger is often selected because it usually is not calloused. Capillary blood can be obtained from the great toe in infants and babies. In new-borns, the lateral or side portion of the end of the heel pas is used. The BD Discussion Among the inappropriate sites for venipuncture are the site affected by a mastectomy. This is because mastectomy causes lymphostasis which means stoppage of lymph flow where the bodys ability to fight infection is compromised if lymph nodes are removed therefore patients are more prone to infections. Edematous sites, an abnormal accumulation of fluid on the intracellular space of the tissue must also be avoided as it can cause difficulty in palpating the veins due to the excess fluid. The specimen can also be contaminated with the fluid. Venipuncture performed at sites of scars and burns are also inappropriate as it causes unusual pain for the patients. This is caused by the veins that are very difficult to palpate and also susceptible to infections as the protective barrier (epidermal layer) has been disrupted. Other than that, patients who have IV running in their arm should not be used for venepuncture as it may be a contaminant to the blood collected. Lastly, dermal punctures mus t never be performed on the fingers of a new-born or very young infant. This is because there is very little distance between the skin and the bone. Therefore, the bone could be easily pierced during the puncture, causing injury to the bone, infection, or gangrene. The order of draw is as follows, Blood Cultures Coagulation Tube (light blue top) Plain red AND/OR Serum Separator Tube (red gel/SST) Heparin Tube (green top) Plain Sodium Heparin Plain Lithium Heparin Lithium Heparin Gel EDTA Tube (purple and pink top) Fluoride/ Oxalate Tube (grey top) Miscellaneous tubes (these are drawn in no specific order) Heavy metal dark blue top (EDTA and plain red) b. ACD yellow top The purpose of the order of draw is to avoid possible test result error due to cross contamination from tube additives. Potassium results can be falsely elevated as EDTA is rich in potassium. Therefore test for potassium must be collected before tubes containing EDTA. Other than that, the microscopic appearance of the red blood cells on a WBC differential test will be distorted due to the additives in the Fluoride/ Oxalate tube as oxalate interferes the red blood cell membrane and fluoride alter its morphology. Moreover, coagulation tests such as Activated partial thromboplastic time (aPTT) and prothrombin (PT) can be affected with the presence of clot activators by shortened test results. Bacteria from non-sterile tube stoppers/shields can contaminate blood collected into bottles/tubes used for blood cultures, resulting in the growth of bacteria erroneously leading a physician to think his/her patient has a blood infection. A hematoma is a collection of blood beneath the skin. Hematomas are the most common adverse reaction to venipuncture. Precautions that can be taken to prevent hematoma in phlebotomy are by puncturing only the uppermost wall of the vein. Other than that, the phlebotomist can also remove the tourniquet before removing the needle. The needle should fully penetrate the upper-most wall of the vein as partial penetration may allow blood to leak into the tissue surrounding the vein. Lastly, adequate pressure should be applied to stop the bleeding once the phlebotomy is complete. Haemolysed blood specimens are not be acceptable for testing. Hemolysis occurs when the red cells rupture and haemoglobin and other intracellular components spill into the serum. Hemolyzed serum or plasma is pink or red, rather than the normal clear straw or pale yellow colour. Steps that can prevent haemolysis are by mixing tubes gently or about 5 – 10 times after collection. The tubes should not be shaken too vigorously and drawing blood should be performed on hematoma individuals. Other than that, when using a needle or syringe, avoid drawing back the plunger to forcefully. Moreover, if a blood transfer device is used to fill vacutainer tubes, always allow the vacuum to pull the blood into the tubes. Do not use he plunger or syringe to force the blood into the tubes quickly. References Akron Childrens Hospital, 2015, Lab Test Procedure : Performing A Venipuncture. [Online]. Available at : https://www.akronchildrens.org/cms/lab_procedures/9179c8cb8f877ee3/ [ Accessed 29/01/2015]. Johnson. L, 2013, National Center for Competency Testing : Phlebotomy order of draw, [Online]. Available at : https://www.ncctinc.com/documents/Phlebotomy%20Order%20of%20Draw.pdf [Accessed 29/01/2015]. MediaLab incorporated, 2015, Hematoma, [Online]. Available at : https://www.medialabinc.net/spg549505/hematoma.aspx, [ Accessed 29/01/2015]. Turgeon., M,. L, 2005, Clinical Hematology: Theory and Procedures, Volume 936, [Online], Available at : https://books.google.com.my/books?id=cHAjsUgegpQCpg=PA26lpg=PA26dq=edematous+site+venipuncturesource=blots=qxLCqzHsO2sig=OaKkj33lflGKFvorZweYFnb4RHUhl=ensa=Xei=n1bHVI-VM4yD8gW29IKoBgved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=edematous%20site%20venipuncturef=false , [Accessed 29/01/2015]

Concern of Government Trade Policy Essay

Whose interests should be the paramount concern of government trade policy – the interests of producers (the business and the employees) or of the consumers? This is a very interesting question. I would hope that the policies that are in place by the government would help not only the producers but in the long run would also help the consumers. The government has a responsibility to ensure that businesses will get that competitive advantage in the global business world. That said, if governments place were to place too much of its interest in businesses, the consumers would definitely suffer immensely. Historically, the United States has made many mistakes where we have protected the producers and companies and have developed many policies to ensure American companies do not fail. The book discusses the steel industry and how government placed an Ad Valorem Tariff on steel. It talked about how we wanted to protect domestic steel producers and how government had too many policies in place. That eventually was counterproductive and it raised the cost of production. This then caused the output to fail miserably and before we know it, we eliminated that tariff within two years. Can we learn from this mistake in the future? Sure we can. But you need the right people for the job. We need to make sure better policy-making decisions are made and that local content requirement is occurring. The book talks about government intervention. When it does, it seems to me, that it is talking about protecting the inefficient companies, people’s jobs, and industries from unfair foreign competition. While employees may well lose their jobs if there are more well-organized and competent foreign competitors, I would argue that this is the nature of competition, and that the role of government should be to help these employees get jobs where they can be efficiently employed rather than to protect them from reality. Government intervention can also lead to trade wars. Government intervention  usually ends up not working. The European Common Agriculture Policy by European farmers backfired and has cost consumers greatly. One the other side of the spectrum, if government does not set policies to protect the interests of businesses then global firms, companies, may come in and take an unfair advantage, a.k.a. the Steel industry in 2002.

Never Before Told Stories About College Essay Heading You Need to Read or Be Left Out

Never Before Told Stories About College Essay Heading You Need to Read or Be Left Out Work is performed under various Subjects each headed by means of a Referee. Writing is a present that comes naturally. The Materials and Methods section is a critical element of any formal lab report. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to steer clear of low excellent services. With our customized essay offer, you can be certain to find any kind of essay help you are searching for. Now you can get genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. If you are feeling unconfident, think about addressing a customized essay writing service for skilled assistance. The Awful Side of College Essay Heading Various ideas might call for various ways of representation. Style of writing can differ based on the intention or audience. If you're thinking that you require someone to compose my es say at this time, you can merely rely on our honest reviews. The sort of essay you're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline provided to you. Lies You've Been Told About College Essay Heading All you will need is to upload your work to us, and we'll look after it! The pages of the chief body should incorporate the running head and the number. The heading should begin with the top left corner of the webpage. So far as head starts are involved, you should make that very first few lines of the very first paragraph have as much impact as possible. The Tried and True Method for College Essay Heading in Step by Step Detail No prominent heading level should have just one instance. You might, obviously, opt to add one in case you truly feel like it adds. You have the unbelievable chance to determine on your own. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. College Essay Heading at a Glance There's, naturally, a limit on the rang e of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. If you've already graduated from college or university and are trying to find an excellent job, you want to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. Top Choices of College Essay Heading When the difficult work of writing an essay is completed, it's time to put in a title. The very first page of an essay doesn't require an essay header. After you finish writing your essay, you have to incorporate a reference section. For that reason, it's essential that you compose an essay that's honest, interesting, and well organized. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About College Essay Heading Considering all the knowledge areas and tips that you're already mindful of in writing a scholarship letter, you may easily put together all of the info that you have to make sure you and your scholarship letter will stick out. In fact, t he majority of application essays don't have one. If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. In the event your college might need a different format you are going to have to speak with your tutor on the requirements. MLA referencing is an integral component of any assignment. To adhere to the easy MLA (Modern Language Association) instructions on the best way to format your essays, the examiners will believe you don't even have the ability to follow simple instructions properly. Harvard formatting takes a very specific title page. If you should stick to a mla essay format you must adhere to the guidelines for it. The Fundamentals of College Essay Heading Revealed A cover page might just be the absolute most important page in any written document. For example, if your headings are generally short phrases, make all the headings short phrases (and not, for instance, full sentences). All the temp lates are simple to download and print. Essay outline template is a powerful way to perform the process better. The Lost Secret of College Essay Heading Let's discuss each one of the elements of a university essay. There are various ways to begin an essay and all you have to do is to use one that can give the most positive impact to the folks who will review your scholarship essay. Getting conscious of common essay mistakes and the way to repair them can help you make an impressive scholarship essay. While it's true that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely difficult to write. For college applications, you might want to have a 10-step course on college application essay writing to learn more. The point is extremely crucial in writing college application essays, you might also learn about writing a thriving college application essay to learn more. Today, most college students find it difficult to compose an essay on a specific topic.

Tips For A Great Parent Communication Plan - 1625 Words

Introduction In the world of Early Elementary Education, it is important to collaborate with not only the students but also the families of students, and keep them informed about the everyday routines of school life. In 1st grade, the students and families are excited, but also scared, to be acclimated to new school hours. This is necessary to the overall academic performance, and outcomes of all students, as well as helping families and students come together. When educators and families develop good collaboration skills, many positive factors can happen. This includes academic achievement increasing, disciplinary problems decreasing, and attendance increasing. In the article â€Å"8 Tips for a Great Parent Communication Plan,† by Nikkie†¦show more content†¦This is a very good percentage rate. The median household income is $75,809, with 7.5% of individuals living below poverty level (US Census Bureau, 2010). In regards to the town, the total population is 1,542, with 1,380 peo ple being White, 8 Black or African American, 46 American Indian and Alaska Native, 70 Asian, and lastly, 69 Hispanic of Latino (US Census Bureau, 2010). Through my personal observations and research, I observed 3 Church’s in Millbrook. This includes Grace Episcopal Church, St Joseph’s Catholic Church, and Lyall Christian Church. Community Strengths and Resources The community is very small but offers a lot of family support, which helps brings the community together. The local library is a fun place for the community to get together and has a Youth Services Department, which serves age’s birth- 18 years old. They offer story time, play groups, LEGO club, â€Å"Reading with Wrigley: the therapy dog, special events, and performers (Library, 2017). For grades 6-12 the library plans monthly events such as Wii gaming, games, Wi-Fi, and food to help aid in fun activities for teens. The library also offers weekend, and weeknight activities for the community to get together such as cooking, researching advice, computer tutoring, chess nights, resume help, wine tasting, storytelling, and book readings (Library, 2017). Furthermore, with the 3 churches in Millbrook, they allShow MoreRelatedPre-School Tips on Classroom Management1171 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning, behavior management and classroom communication before deciding what works best f or you and your students. Be sure to bookmark this guide as it will be updated as more articles are added. * slide 2 of 3 Tips for Preschool Classroom Management Here are some practical tips that will work for almost any age. Many basic techniques are covered here including how to create a preschool job board, how to set up your classroom for behavior success, and tips for terrific transitions. 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